Abstract
Background: Cancer is a leading global cause of mortality, traditionally treated with intravenous (IV) chemotherapy. However, IV administration has poor patient compliance and causes significant systemic toxicity. While oral chemotherapy is preferred, its effectiveness is limited by poor drug solubility, instability, and low bioavailability. To overcome these challenges, nano-based drug delivery systems, particularly milk-derived exosomes, offer a promising solution by enhancing drug stability and absorption. This review aimed to highlight the application of milk-exosomes in oral cancer therapy. Methods: This narrative review investigated the potential use of milk-derived exosomes in oral cancer treatment by searching the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases from their inception through August 2025. Results: According to the findings, milk exosomes are biological nanovesicles with low immunogenicity and a unique capability to pass through biological barriers without degrading in the gastrointestinal tract. Their natural abundance and cost-effectiveness make them preferable carriers for oral drug delivery. In cancer treatment, they enhance tumor targeting and the bioavailability of chemotherapeutic agents, reducing systemic side effects. Furthermore, milk exosomes can be efficiently loaded with a variety of therapeutic agents, including small molecules, nucleic acids, and proteins, while preserving their structural integrity and functionality. Conclusion: In conclusion, milk exosomes represent a highly promising, naturally-derived platform for effective oral anticancer therapy. By overcoming enzymatic degradation and poor mucosal absorption, they could turn potent injectable drugs into effective oral treatments. If successfully developed, milk exosome-based therapies could provide a non-invasive, patient-friendly alternative to intravenous treatments, improving compliance and quality of life.