Saeid Yaripour
1,2 
, Ali Mohammadi
1,2* , Somayeh Mousavi
3, Isa Esfanjani
1, Naghmeh Arabzadeh
1, Shahla Mozaffari
31 Department of Drug and Food Control, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2 Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran.
3 Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Background: In the present study, an electromembrane extraction (EME) followed by a simple high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in pharmaceutical industrial wastewater sample. Main parameters of electromembrane extraction were evaluated and optimized. Methods: 1-octanol was immobilized in the pores of a polypropylene hollow fiber as supported liquid membrane. As a driving force, a 100 volt electrical voltage was applied to transfer the analytes from the sample solution (pH, 7.5) through the supported liquid membrane into an acceptor solution (pH, 12). Results: The best enrichment factors were obtained 36 and 72 for 2-NP and 4-NP, respectively after 15 minutes of extraction. The effect of carbon nanotube, as a solid nano-sorbent on EME efficiency, was also evaluated. The proposed method provided the linearity in the range of 10-1000 ng/mL for 2-NP (R2> 0.9997) and 4-NP (R2> 0.9999) with repeatability range (% RSD) between 2.6-10.3 % (n = 3). The limit of detection was 3 ng/mL and the limit of quantitation was 10 ng/mL. Conclusion: Finally, the method was applied for the determination of 2-NP and 4-NP in industrial wastewater samples with relative recoveries in the range between 67–76 %. EME improved the sensitivity of HPLC-UV for the determination of trace concentrations of these analytes.